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Expand/collapse global hierarchy Home Campus Bookshelves University of California Davis BIS 2A: Introductory Biology – Molecules to Cell Expand/collapse global location 9: 2025_Bis2A_Singer_Photosynthesis is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

Transcription from DNA to RNA Section summary Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes must all transcribe genes from their genomes. While the cellular location may be different (eukaryotes perform transcription in the nucleus; bacteria and archaea perform transcription in the cytoplasm), the mechanisms by which organisms from each of these clades carry 1 S2024_Bis2A_Lecture01_reading_Igo out this process are During this process, the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combines with the hydrogen of another monosaccharide, releasing a molecule of water and forming a covalent bond. A covalent bond formed between a carbohydrate molecule and another molecule (in this case, between two monosaccharides) is known as a glycosidic bond.

4mm Twin Needles, Singer, Size 90/14 #S2024-14

Protein Synthesis Introduction The process of translation in biology is the decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide product. Put another way, a message written in the chemical language How we will of nucleotides is „translated“ into the chemical language of amino acids. Amino acids are linearly strung together via covalent bonds (called peptide bonds) between amino and

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Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway: a.k.a., the hexose monophosphate shunt We call glycolysis, the TCA cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway central carbon metabolism. These three pathways (along with the reaction that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA) contain all the chemical precursors required by cells for the biosynthesis of nearly all other biomolecules. The Step 9 of glycolysis: Enolase catalyzes the ninth step. This enzyme causes 2-phosphoglycerate to lose water from its structure; this is a dehydration reaction, resulting in the formation of a double bond that increases the potential energy in the remaining phosphate bond and produces phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). During this process, the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combines with the hydrogen of another monosaccharide, releasing a molecule of water and forming a covalent bond. A covalent bond formed between a carbohydrate molecule and another molecule (in this case, between two monosaccharides) is known as a glycosidic bond.

Peptide bonds form between the amino group of the amino acid attached to the A -site tRNA and the carboxyl group of the amino acid attached to the P-site tRNA. The formation of each peptide bond is catalyzed by peptidyl transferase, an RNA-based enzyme that is integrated into the 50S ribosomal subunit. How we will approach conceptualizing energy In BIS2A we will think about energy with a „stuff“ metaphor. Note, however, that energy is NOT a substance, it is rather a property of a system. But we will think of it, in some sense, way a message written as property that can be stored in a part of a physical system and transferred or „moved“ from one storage place to another. The idea is to reinforce the concept Learning Objectives Associated with Spring_2024_Bis2A_Igo_Reading_15 GI.40 Describe the key components of the central dogma and the relationships between them, including the processes of replication, transcription, translation, reverse transcription and the possible fates of the various possible products (i.e. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, enzymes, structural proteins, replicated

How we will approach conceptualizing energy In BIS2A we will think about energy with a „stuff“ metaphor. Note, however, that energy is NOT a substance, it is rather a property of a system. But we will think of it, in some sense, as property that can be stored in a part of a physical system and transferred or „moved“ from one storage place to another. The idea is to reinforce the concept Learning Objectives Associated with Spring_2024_Bis2a_Igo_Introduction CI.4 Understand the importance of developing a personal study plan for success in BIS2A. CI.5 Describe the scientific method and relate it to the material learned in class. CI.6 Identify the dependent and independent variables and the control and test groups from a description of an experiment. CI.7 Create a Table of contents Learning Objectives Associated with S2024_Bis2A_Lecture01_reading_Igo_2nd Biology Biology: an interdisciplinary science The potential impacts that can come from studying biology are broad BIS2A—from molecules to cells Evolution and Natural Selection Brief overview Common misconceptions and a course specific note Participatory Learning Asking questions

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  • 17.25: S2024_Bis2A_Namekawa_DNA_Structure_and_Replication I
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Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events used by biological systems to coordinate cell division. In eukaryotes, asexual cell division proceeds via a cell cycle that includes multiple spatially and temporally coordinated events. These include a long preparatory period called interphase, and a mitotic phase called M phase. Interphase is often The interactions with water can include the formation of hydrogen bonds between polar functional groups on the protein and water molecules. Perhaps more importantly, however, is the drive for the protein to avoid placing too many hydrophobic functional groups in contact with water. The main use of the concept of electronegativity in BIS2A will therefore be to provide a conceptual grounding for discussing the different types of chemical interactions that occur between atoms in nature. We will focus primarily on covalent bonds, and several non-covalent interactions called ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals forces.

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3: 2025_Bis2A_Singer_Biomolecules Lipids Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic compounds that include molecules like fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Most lipids are at their core hydrocarbons, molecules that include many nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. The abundance of nonpolar functional groups give lipids a degree of hydrophobic

17.1: S2024_Bis2A_Lecture01_reading_Igo 17.2: Lecture 25 Spring BIS2A MicheleIgo 17.3: Marc_W2024_Reading_10 17.4: Marc_W2024_Reading_11 17.5: Marc_W2024_Reading_12 17.6: in the Marc_W2024_Reading_13 17.7: Marc_W2024_Reading_14 17.8: Marc_W2024_Reading_15 17.9: Marc_W2024_Reading_16 17.10: Marc_W2024_Reading_17 17.11: Marc_W2024_Reading_18

16: 2025_Bis2A_Namekawa_Central_Dogma_and_Transcription Page ID Table of contents Transcription from DNA to RNA A short overview of transcription Listing some basic requirements 5 Marc_W2024_Reading_12 17 for transcription The building blocks of transcription The building blocks of RNA Transcription initiation Promoters Bacterial vs. eukaryotic promoters Elongation

The idea that students in BIS2A will be tested on their ability to USE concepts in specific contexts that they haven’t seen before is critical to understand! Take special heed of this knowledge. Membranes Plasma membranes protein to avoid placing too enclose and define the borders between the inside and the outside of cells. They are typically composed of dynamic bilayers of phospholipids into which various other lipid-soluble molecules and proteins

15.22: F2023_Bis2A_Singer_Photosynthesis is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Step 9 of glycolysis: Enolase catalyzes the ninth step. This enzyme causes 2-phosphoglycerate to lose water from its structure; this is a dehydration reaction, resulting in the formation of a double bond that increases the potential energy in the remaining phosphate bond and produces phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Telomere and telomerase The ends of replication in circular bacterial chromosomes pose few practical problems. However, the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes pose a specific problem for DNA replication. Because DNA polymerase can add nucleotides in only one direction (5′ to 3′), the leading strand allows for continuous synthesis until the end of the chromosome is reached;

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Lipids Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic compounds that include molecules like fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Most lipids are at their core hydrocarbons, molecules that include many nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. The abundance of nonpolar functional groups give lipids a degree of hydrophobic (“ water fearing”) character and most

Try using the Design Challenge rubric to explore some of your ideas. In the following, we will try to seed questions to encourage this activity. 1.2: 2025_Bis2A_Singer_Scientific_Method is shared under a not declared 10 Marc_W2024_Reading_17 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. 17.37: S2024_Bis2A_Singer_DNA_Replication is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

The Problem In this module, we discuss the replication of DNA—one of the key requirements for a living system to regenerate and create the next generation. Let us first briefly consider the problem through a literary analogy. The human genome comprises roughly 6.5 billion base pairs of DNA if one considers the full diploid genome (i.e., if you count the DNA inherited from both In BIS2A, the ubiquitous role of water in nearly all biological processes is easy to overlook by getting caught up in the details of specific processes, proteins, the roles of nucleic acids, and in your excitement for molecular machines (it’ll happen). It turns out, however, that water plays key roles in all of those processes and we will need to continuously stay aware of the role that

Hydrophobic Interaction: interaction of nonpolar substances in presence of polar substances (especially water) (1-2 bond energy) Van der Waals interaction: interaction of e- of nonpolar substances (1 bond energy)